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亚太医学

亚太医学

Journal of Medicine in the Asia-Pacific

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    未來中國國際出版集團有限公司
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糖尿病足溃疡愈合的分子机制与治疗前景

Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Prospects of Diabetic Foot Ulcer Healing

发布时间:2026-01-20
作者: 王莹 :安徽理工大学 安徽淮南; 肖海军 :上海市第六人民医院南院 上海;
摘要: 糖尿病足溃疡(Diabetic Foot Ulcer, DFU)是糖尿病最严重的并发症之一,其迁延不愈与血管生成障碍、慢性炎症及高糖微环境密切相关。近年来,各种趋化因子被发现在DFU愈合过程中发挥双重调控作用,该机制既可引发炎症反应,又能通过VEGF依赖性途径刺激血管生成以增强组织修复能力,进而促进糖尿病足溃疡的愈合。本文系统综述了趋化因子调控血管生成相关因子的表达促进血管生成进而促进DFU愈合的机制研究,重点探讨如何通过调控内皮细胞功能、巨噬细胞极化和细胞外基质重塑来恢复血管生成信号通路,逆转糖尿病相关的血管生成抑制。
Abstract: Diabetic Foot Ulcer (DFU) is one of the most serious complications of diabetes. Its persistence is closely related to angiogenic disorders, chronic inflammation and the hyperglycemic microenvironment. In recent years, various chemokines have been found to play a dual regulatory role in the healing process of DFU. This mechanism can not only trigger inflammatory responses but also stimulate angiogenesis through VEGF-dependent pathways to enhance tissue repair capacity, thereby promoting the healing of diabetic foot ulcers. This article systematically reviews the research on the mechanism by which chemokines regulate the expression of angiogenesis-related factors to promote angiogenesis and thereby facilitate DFU healing. It focuses on exploring how to restore angiogenesis signaling pathways by regulating endothelial cell function, macrophage polarization, and extracellular matrix remodeling, thereby reversing angiogenesis inhibition related to diabetes.
关键词: 糖尿病足溃疡;血管生成;分子机制;靶向治疗
Keywords: diabetic foot ulcer;angiogenesis;molecular mechanism;targeted therapy

引言

糖尿病足溃疡(Diabetic Foot Ulcer, DFU)是糖尿病最严重的慢性并发症之一,占糖尿病住院患者的20%~30%,其5年死亡率高达50%~70%,甚至超过部分恶性肿瘤。全球范围内,约15%~25%的糖尿病患者会发展为DFU,其中20%最终需要截肢。糖尿病足溃疡的病理机制复杂,作为糖尿病的并发症之一,其发生主要由周围神经病变,血管病变和足部感染三大原因引起,全球范围内,每年有超过600万的溃疡患者,约每2秒会有1个溃疡患者出现,一半以上的溃疡会出现感染,1/5感染的溃疡患者需要住院治疗,15%~20%的住院患者接受了某种截肢手术,每19秒就有1次截肢发生,每53秒就有1次大截肢发生。目前DFU的标准治疗包括:血糖控制、创面清创、感染管理、减压治疗(如特制鞋垫)以及血管重建手术。然而,约50%的DFU患者对现有疗法反应不佳,创面长期不愈。尽管生物制剂(如重组人表皮生长因子)和先进敷料(如水凝胶、负压吸引)的应用有所增加,但疗效仍有限,亟需探索新的治疗靶点。

1 血管生成障碍:DFU迁延不愈的核心因素

糖尿病微血管病变导致DFU创面血管生成严重受损,表现为:血管密度降低:组织学显示DFU创缘毛细血管数量较正常减少;内皮功能紊乱:高糖环境下内皮细胞(Endothelial cell,ECs)迁移、增殖能力下降,凋亡增加;生长因子失衡:血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达受抑,而抗血管生成因子(如血管抑素)水平升高。这些级联反应最终导致新生血管结构紊乱,表现为血管通透性增加,周细胞覆盖率不足,无法形成功能性血管网络。研究表明,DFU创面中VEGF信号通路的关键分子(如VEGFR2)磷酸化水平显著降低,导致即使外源性补充VEGF也难以有效促进血管新生。这种“VEGF抵抗”现象是DFU治疗失败的重要原因之一。

糖尿病足溃疡(Diabetic Foot Ulcer, DFU)是糖尿病最严重的慢性并发症之一,具有高致残率、高复发率和高治疗成本的特点。尽管近年来在创面管理、抗感染治疗和血运重建等方面取得了一定进展,但仍有相当比例的患者面临愈合延迟、截肢甚至死亡的风险。与此同时,越来越多的研究表明,遗传因素在DFU的发生、发展和治疗反应中扮演着关键角色。

2 糖尿病足溃疡的临床治疗

2.1 创面处理

创面处理的核心理念是清除坏死组织、促进肉芽生长、维持湿润愈合环境。DFU的标准治疗通常涉及清创手术、维持湿润环境的敷料、减少局部压力、血管功能评估,以及严格的感染与血糖调控。外科清创,锐性清创是金标准,适用于坏死组织较多的溃疡,可减少细菌负荷并促进健康组织再生。酶学清创:使用胶原酶(如Santyl®)或木瓜蛋白酶(如Accuzyme®)选择性降解坏死组织,适用于不宜手术的患者。在酶清创术中,最常用的酶清创剂之一有梭菌胶原酶软膏(CCO)。清创不仅可以有效减少细菌数量,也可以促进局部生长因子的产生。水凝胶敷料(如Intrasite®):适用于干燥创面,提供湿润环境。功能性水凝胶可以促进DFU的创面愈合速度并很大程度上减轻患者的痛苦;水凝胶分多种,例如抗氧化水凝胶(AOH)、抗菌水凝胶(ABH)、多功能水凝胶(MFH)、促血管生成水凝胶和促进增殖的水凝胶(PPH)等。

2.2 感染控制

DFU感染(尤其是骨髓炎)是截肢的主要危险因素。轻度感染(无全身症状):口服抗生素(如阿莫西林-克拉维酸、克林霉素)。中重度感染(伴蜂窝织炎/全身炎症反应):静脉抗生素(如万古霉素+哌拉西林-他唑巴坦)。此外,有研究表明,在糖尿病足部病变中,金黄色葡萄球菌是最常见的病原体(占检出样本的25%)。而在DFU进展为DFI-OM(骨髓炎)的患者中,该菌常表现为多种菌落形态,且小菌落变异体(SCV)的比例逐渐增加。DFU感染多为混合性感染,涉及需氧革兰氏阳性菌、厌氧菌及真菌。若能早期诊断真菌感染并采取合理治疗,可显著改善预后,减少截肢可能。

2.3 糖尿病足溃疡的新兴疗法

血小板衍生生长因子(Platelet derived growth factor,PDGF),促进成纤维细胞增殖,但可能增加恶性肿瘤风险,需谨慎使用。血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF)和PDGF受体(PDGFR)信号轴在多种恶性肿瘤中高度活跃,其激活可通过影响不同下游效应分子,促进肿瘤的增殖、转移、浸润和血管生成过程。VEGF:临床试验显示可改善缺血性溃疡的血流灌注。在干细胞治疗中,间充质干细胞(MSCs)可以促进血管新生、减少炎症,局部注射或结合生物支架使用。脂肪干细胞(ADSCs)易于获取,可促进胶原沉积和上皮再生。此外,有研究表明,在DFU治疗中,干细胞的选择(包括类型、来源)以及最佳给药途径尚未达成共识。我们系统回顾了相关临床和临床前研究中采用的不同干细胞策略。

2.3.1 高压氧治疗(HBOT)

高压氧治疗(HBOT)可以提高组织氧分压,促进血管新生、增强白细胞杀菌能力。适应于Wagner3-4级溃疡、缺血性溃疡。现有证据表明,HBOT在降低大截肢率、加速溃疡愈合及减小创面大小方面优于标准治疗(SC)。

2.3.2负压创面治疗(NPWT)

通过负压促进肉芽组织形成、减少水肿。缩短愈合时间,适用于大面积或深部溃疡。负压伤口治疗在糖尿病足溃疡中较为常用,它不仅可以促进肉芽组织生长、血管新生,还可以改变促血管生成和抗炎的条件。据报道,目前,负压伤口治疗(NPWT)已被广泛应用于糖尿病足溃疡等多种急慢性创面的临床治疗。

3 糖尿病足溃疡的遗传学研究(Genetic Research)

3.1 糖尿病足溃疡的遗传易感性

糖尿病足溃疡(DFU)的发生发展具有明显的遗传倾向,全基因组关联研究(GWAS)已鉴定出多个与DFU风险相关的基因位点。遗传因素可影响伤口愈合的多个环节,包括炎症反应、血管生成和代谢调控。近年研究发现,受环境因素调控的表观遗传改变(如microRNA表达变化)在DFU延迟愈合过程中具有关键作用。虽然DFU发病的分子遗传机制研究已取得重要进展,但从实验室研究到临床应用仍存在转化缺口,亟待更多研究突破。

3.2 易感基因与多态性

3.2.1 炎症相关基因

慢性低度炎症是DFU的重要特征,多种炎症相关基因多态性与DFU易感性相关。TNF-α(-308G/A,rs1800629,A等位基因携带者TNF-α表达增加,与更严重的炎症反应和伤口愈合延迟相关。IL-6(-174G/C,rs1800795),C等位基因与血清IL-6水平升高相关,可能促进慢性伤口形成。据报道,遗传分析表明,IL-6基因启动子区-176"C"等位基因可降低T2DM发病风险,然而这一保护性关联在DFU患者中并未观察到。IL-1β(+3954C/T,rs1143634),T等位基因携带者表现出更强的炎症反应。研究发现,与无溃疡患者和未愈合的糖尿病足溃疡(DFU)患者相比,溃疡患者和已治愈DFU患者表现出更高水平的白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)表达。TLR2/TLR4,模式识别受体的多态性影响对病原体的识别和清除能力。研究表明,Toll样受体4(TLR4)在免疫调节和组织修复再生过程中发挥关键作用,其单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)及特定单倍型可能与2型糖尿病患者伤口愈合障碍风险增加相关。

3.2.2 血管生成相关基因

VEGF(+936C/T,rs3025039),T等位基因与VEGF表达降低相关,影响血管新生。eNOS(G894T,rs1799983),T等位基因导致内皮功能紊乱,减少NO生成。研究显示,VEGF可显著加速DFU大鼠的创面修复,表现为胶原合成增加、CD31(血管内皮标志物)和eNOS(内皮型一氧化氮合酶)表达升高,进一步验证了VEGF在糖尿病伤口血管新生中的关键作用。HIF-1α(C1772T,rs11549465),影响低氧诱导因子的稳定性,调控血管生成。研究证实,HIF是细胞应对缺氧环境时被诱导表达的核心转录因子,可特异性激活VEGF等靶基因的转录过程。

3.2.3代谢相关基因

糖代谢和晚期糖基化终产物(AGEs)相关基因,ACE(I/D,rs1799752),D等位基因与肾素-血管紧张素系统过度激活相关。AGER(-429T/C,rs1800624),影响AGEs受体功能,促进氧化应激。有研究表明,血管紧张素I转换酶(ACE)是肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)中的核心酶,作为锌依赖型金属蛋白酶,ACE通过催化血管紧张素I的水解反应,生成具有强效血管收缩作用的血管紧张素II。SOD2(Val16Ala,rs4880),线粒体抗氧化酶多态性影响氧化应激水平。SOD2活性缺失会导致高代谢组织(如中枢神经系统)出现多种异常表型。

3.3 表观遗传调控机制

3.3.1 DNA甲基化

伤口边缘组织呈现全基因组低甲基化模式,MMP-9启动子区低甲基化导致过度表达,促进细胞外基质降解。有研究表明,在糖尿病足溃疡创面愈合过程中,MMP-9具有不利的影响,而MMP-8是有益的。TIMP-1高甲基化使其表达下降,失去对MMPs的抑制作用。慢性伤口难以愈合的关键机制在于,持续的炎症反应导致大量免疫细胞浸润和炎性因子累积,进而破坏基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)与其抑制剂(TIMP)的平衡,过度降解细胞外基质(ECM),阻碍正常修复进程。

3.3.2组蛋白修饰

H3K27me3(抑制性标记)在促炎基因位点减少。H3K4me3(激活标记)在生长因子相关基因增加。近年来,随着全基因组高通量测序和表观遗传组学技术的进步,研究发现组蛋白修饰(如H3K27me3、H3K4me3、H3K9me3、H3K27ac和H3K9ac等)在胚胎干细胞(ESC)分化过程中具有关键的调控作用。

3.3.3 非编码RNA调控

miR-21,过表达促进成纤维细胞活化,但可能抑制再上皮化。有研究表明,靶向抑制miR-21-3p可通过上调SPRY1增强成纤维细胞的修复能力,进而改善糖尿病足溃疡的愈合,这为开发新型DFU治疗方法提供了理论依据。miR-146a,负调控NF-κB通路,减轻炎症反应。miR-146a通过TLR/NF-κB通路抑制神经炎症,而Toll样受体(TLR)介导的炎症反应在神经退行性疾病(NDD)中起重要作用,因此,靶向miR-146a可能成为缓解NDD相关神经炎症的新策略。miR-155,促进M1型巨噬细胞极化,加重炎症。研究表明,由于miR-155的过度表达会加剧糖尿病相关炎症并延缓伤口愈合,靶向抑制miR-155可能成为治疗糖尿病足溃疡(DFU)的新型干预手段。lncRNAH19,调控表皮干细胞功能,影响再上皮化。实验验证表明,lncRNAH19通过血清反应因子(SRF)-结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)信号轴发挥多重生物学效应,一方面增强细胞增殖能力和ECM重构,另一方面抑制细胞凋亡,最终加速伤口愈合进程。

3.4 基因治疗的潜在方向:基因编辑

CRISPR-Cas9系统有靶向编辑炎症相关基因(如TNF-α、IL-6)和修复血管生成相关基因突变(如VEGF、eNOS)。有研究表明,基因编辑干细胞疗法为糖尿病足溃疡提供新思路,基于CRISPR/Cas9技术介导MALAT1递送通过miR-142调控促进伤口愈合。碱基编辑技术精确修正单核苷酸多态性(如AGER-429T/C)。通过设计特异性sgRNA引导Cas9核酸酶,可精确敲除或修复糖尿病创面中过度表达的促炎因子基因(如TNF-α启动子区的-308G/A高风险等位基因),从而有效减轻慢性炎症对愈合的阻碍。

4 治疗与基因研究的交叉点

4.1 药物基因组学指导治疗

基于CYP2C9/VKORC1基因型的华法林剂量调整(预防DFU患者血栓)。基因检测指导华法林剂量调整:特定遗传变异与稳定抗凝及出血风险相关,有助于个体化治疗优化。TNF-α抑制剂(如阿达木单抗)对TNF-α-308G/A突变患者的疗效增强。研究表明,TNF-α抑制剂在自身免疫疾病治疗中疗效明确,而新一代TNF信号通路调节药物正处于临床试验阶段,有望进一步优化治疗策略。IL-1受体拮抗剂(阿那金拉)在IL-1β+3954C/T携带者中的靶向应用。以TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6为核心的炎症反应不仅加剧组织损伤,还通过抑制血管生成延缓伤口愈合。

5 挑战与未来方向

5.1 当前面临的主要挑战

动物模型局限性,现有啮齿类动物模型无法完全模拟人类DFU复杂的病理生理过程。基因编辑效率问题,皮肤靶向递送效率普遍低于15%,影响治疗效果。表观遗传动态性,伤口微环境随时间变化的表观修饰增加了干预难度。在临床实施方面,缺乏统一的样本采集和处理标准,体细胞基因治疗的长期安全性评估框架尚未完善。在技术整合方面,同一基因型患者对治疗反应的显著差异性,缺乏可动态评估基因表达变化的无创手段。

5.2未来五年重点发展方向

建立基于百万队列的DFU多基因风险评分(PRS),开发家用DNA甲基化检测贴片(检测精度>90%),推行基因指导的预防性足部护理方案。微生物-宿主共进化治疗,编辑皮肤共生菌增强抗菌肽分泌。表观遗传记忆消除,靶向TET2促进伤口干细胞年轻化。基础研究层面,建立国际DFU基因组数据库(WHO牵头),开发单细胞多组学时空图谱技术,优化基因编辑安全评估体系(脱靶率<0.1%)。临床研究层面,制定基因检测临床路径指南(IWGDF更新),培训创面基因组学专科医师。建立基因治疗不良反应监测网络。

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